Method and device for retractor for microsurgical intermuscular lumbar arthrodesis

ABSTRACT

An instrument useful in performing lumbar arthrodesis with a minimal approach which spares the lumbar muscles from surgical disruption and includes one of two retractor designs having blades angled approximately 90° with respect to each respective retractor handle. One blade is bent at an end portion thereof in a direction away from the handle portion. The other blade has first and second blade faces, with the second face having at least two toothed structures located thereon.

RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/236,584 filed on Sep. 29,2000. The entire disclosure of the provisional application is considered to be part of the disclosure of the accompanying application and is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention is directed to a method and device for microsurgical intermuscular lumbar anthrodesis.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Results of posterior lumbar fusion have frequently been compromised by residuals from muscular and neurovascular disruption accompanying anthrodesis. An approach along the lateral aspect of the multifidus avoids disruption of the dorsal lumbar musculature and allows for segmental pedicle fixation without disturbing the neurovascular supply to the erector spinae or multifidus. Detachment of the segmental insertion of the multifidus to the mamillary process provides access for a microsurgical transforaminal interbody fusion.

[0004] Present techniques of lumbar anthrodesis including instrumentation and interbody fusion provide a reasonable expectation of fusion with surgery, however, outcomes remain limited by pain and adjacent segment failure. To the extent this results from fusion it may be unavoidable. Limitations from denervation, devascularization and disconnection of lumbar musculature and the disruption of musculoskeletal integrity of adjacent segments may be largely avoidable.

[0005] There is therefore a long felt, but unsolved need for a method and device in order to perform an instrumented lumbar arthrodesis with a minimal approach which spares the lumbar muscles from surgical disruption.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006]FIG. 1 is a side perspective view of the retractors of the present invention.

[0007]FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of the retractor blade ends of the retractors of the present invention.

[0008]FIG. 3 is a view of the retractor blade ends as depicted in FIG. 2, but viewed from a reverse angle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present invention is directed to a method and device for performing an instrumented lumbar interbody fusion utilizing a minimally invasive approach. As set forth herein below and as reflected in the figures, the present invention is generally directed to the use of a tissue retractor for use in lumbar arthrodesis which comprises an elongated retractor having a handle at one end and a retractor blade at a second end, the retractor blade having a hooked prominence to engage a lateral facet or muscle, the retractor blade being angled with respect to the handle and having a depth so as to provide adequate retraction when performing a screw placement operation. A separate retractor has a similar handle and has a blade angled with respect thereto at approximately a 90° angle. Such retractor blade having first and second faces with the first face being substantially perpendicular to the second face and the first face being angled approximately 90° with respect to the handle, whereas the second face has at least two toothed structures at a position located farthest from the handle end. The retractor of the present invention is used in the method as further set forth below.

[0010] A surgical approach between the erector spinae and multifidus approaches the lateral facet and superomedial transverse process directly with no muscular detachment and avoids both the medial and lateral branches of the dorsal primary ramus and associated vesels. Orientation is appropriate for direct placement of pedicle fixation with minimal muscular retraction. Mobilization of a 4 to 5 cm midline incision allows direct bilateral exposure. Medial retraction of the multifidus after detaching its tendinous insertion to the mamillary process is simplified by stabilizing the retractor against the rod. Interbody fusion is accomplished via a transforaminal approach. Microsurgical technique allows for coagulation and sharp division of the inferior foraminal vein (or plexus) and retraction of foraminal fat with preservation of undisturbed perineural and epidural tissue planes to minimize potential for fibrosis. Interbody fusion is performed conventionally with bone and or synthetic devices. Use of an intradiscal spreader and securing the opening with the segmental fixation simplifies preparation of the disk space and improves restoration of lordosis with dorsal compression after grafting.

[0011] The lumbar musculature posteriorly may be considered as a medical and lateral complex. The bulk of the medial musculature is the multifidus which is supplied by the medial branch of the dorsal primary ramus of the nerve and accompanying vessels as well as the artery related to the pars interarticularis. The bulk of the lateral musculature is the longissimus thoracis and illocostalis supplied by the intermediate and lateral branches of the dorsal ramus. Approach is the intermuscular plane along the lateral aspect of the multifidus allows direct access to the lateral facet and superomedial transverse process in an area devoid of muscle attachment. While the medial branch traverses the lateral facet to the mamilloaccesory notch and the intermediate and lateral branches penetrate the longissimus and iliocostalis from their ventromedial surface, approach for pedicle screw placement may be consistently accomplished without disturbing nerves or vessels.

[0012] After reflection of the thoracolumbar fascia the erector spinae aponeurosis may be divided along the course of its fibers. Some superficial fibers of the multifidus may be seen joining the underside of the ESA. There is a tendency for the longissimus to wrap slightly over the dorsal aspect of the multifidus which may typically be well seen on the preoperative CT or MRI. As one drops down the lateral aspect of the multifidus the tendinous insertion to the mamillary process is typically well seen with a little fat present both in the intermuscular plane and lateral to the facet. Additionally the contrasting course of the longissimus and multifidus is often seen.

[0013] In some individuals the bulk of the multifidus in the lower lumbar spine may make for a relatively oblique approach and potentially make it relatively more difficult to approach pathology in the spinal canal. In this situation a muscle splitting approach through the multifidus may still minimize the required exposure.

[0014] Once the instrumentation is placed, exposure for the fusion is performed. Dividing the insertion of the multifidus to the mamillary process on the superior articular process of the lower vertebra allows retraction of the multifidus over the facet capsule with no further muscle detachment required. While use of a hand retractor may be adequate to pull the multifidus medial against the spinous process, it is preferable to retract using leverage against the rod or instrumentation. Removal of the inferior articular process and a portion of the superior articular process provides direct access to the foramen. Use of the operating microscope allows for an interbody fusion with exposure and visualization comparable to microdisectomy. Exposure of the superior aspect of the pedicle of the lower level confirms location and allows coagulation and division of the inferior foraminal vein or plexus in a safe location. If the exposure is extended cephalad in this plane, the epidural vessels and fat may be minimally disturbed and retracted preserving the epidural and penineural planes while exposing the disc. There is generally a window 10 to 12 mm in width allowing work in the disc with no retraction of neural elements. Intradiscal fusion may be accomplished conventionally with bone or prosthesis. The use of intradiscal spreaders with temporary fixation from the instrumentation allows for easier work in the disc space and subsequent compression on the graft allows restoration of lordosis. With care it is possible to bridge the foraminal space with graft for posterior facet fusion.

[0015] In most cases canal pathology may be adequately treated. One can, however, go to the midline to be sure of adequate decompression. Once the inferior articular process is removed the ligamentum flavum and hypertrophic buildup most commonly associated with degenerative stenosis and instability can generally be removed exposing the lateral dural sac as necessary. Most central disc protrusions have been successfully removed as well as superior or inferior fragments.

[0016] Preferably, and as one of skill in the art will appreciate, an intermuscular plane of exposure provides easy access to the spine, minimizes disruption to the erector spinae and multifidus and avoids damage to the neurovascular supply of posterior musculature. The present invention is particularly useful in performing an instrumented transforaminal interbody and facet fussion performed while detaching only the insertion of the multifidus to the mamilliry process at the level of fusion. In a preferred embodiment, the retractor of the present invention hooks on the lateral facet cephalade to the transverse process, retracting the longissimus laterally. In such a manner, the superomedial transverse process and lateral facet is free of muscular attachment allowing palpation of the local anatomy for pedicle screw placement. Preferably, the screw is placed just cephalade to the assessory process avoiding any muscle detachment being required. At the caudal vertebrae, the retractor may be hooked against the multifidus below the transverse process allowing visualization of the extent of fixation desired. Using the present invention, it is possible to perform an instrumented lumbar fusion comparable to that accomplished with a mid-line approach, but with much less invasive paramedian approach, requiring decreased neurovascular and muscle dissection and sparing adjacent segments.

[0017] To provide further written description and enablement support for the present invention, the following U.S. patents are incorporated in their entireties by this reference: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,891,147; 6,270,498; 6,080,155; 6,245,072; 5,895,352 and 6,206,826.

[0018] The present method and device is useful in intermuscular foraminal facet retraction. In such embodiment, the retractor is configured to have a depth ranging from between about 2 to about 10 cm and the retractor has a hook or prominence associated therewith so as to engage a lateral facet or muscle so as to maintain the retractor position. The retractor blade is angled and has a sufficient depth to provide adequate retraction for screw placement. The engagement of the facet or deep muscle provides a mechanical advantage such that the retraction operation is made easier and the retractor can be maintained in a desired position. The present invention also finds application in a transforaminal retraction where a lateral retractor engages a rod to maintain a desired position or instrumentation. Alternatively, a medial retraction is accomplished using a medial retractor that engages a rod laterally or that engages the instrumentation. The medial retractor retracts muscle medially and provides a working area medial to the rod in the range of 10 to 20 mm. The medial lateral portion engages the rod, providing mechanical advantage in pulling muscle medially and to maintain the desired position of the retractor. In alternative embodiments, instrumentation may be engaged, such as a screw or projection from a screw, to provide similar muscle retraction.

[0019] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it will be apparent that further modifications and adaptations of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art. It is to be expressly understood that such modifications and adaptations are within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A tissue retractor for use in lumbar arthrodesis comprising: an elongated retractor having a handle at one end and a retractor blade at a second end, said retractor blade having a hooked prominence to engage a lateral facet or muscle, said retractor blade being angled with respect to said handle and having a depth so as to provide adequate retraction when performing a screw placement operation, said blade having an end that is bent away from the direction of said first handle.
 2. A surgical retractor device, comprising: a retractor having a handle end and a blade end; a blade angled with respect to said handle at approximately 90°, said retractor blade having a depth ranging from 2-10 cm and having first and second faces, said first face being substantially perpendicular to said second face, said first face being angled approximately 90° with respect to said handle, and said second face having at least two toothed structures at a position located farthest from said handle end. 